Prevention of the spread of infection: The need for a family-centered approach to hygiene promotion

Elizabeth Scott, Sally F. Bloomfield, Martin Exner, Gaetano Fara, Kumarjyoti Nath, Carlo Signorelli, Carolien Van der Voorden

Infectious diseases (IDs) continue to be a significant health and economic burden on the community, and the emergence of new pathogens, including antimicrobial resistant strains, demand new prevention strategies, which involve not only health care settings but the community as a whole. The situation is exacerbated by social, demographic, and other changes, which means that people with reduced immunity to infection now make up an increasing proportion of the global population.1 Technologic and policy changes are introduced to save costs or reduce environmental effects without regard to their potential impact on ID risks. Governments are under pressure to fund health care. One solution is increased home care, but the gains are likely to be undermined by inadequate infection control at home.

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A congenital heart defect (CHD) is a heart problem that is present at birth, caused by improper development of the heart during fetal development.In most cases of congenital heart disease, the cause is unknown. Some heart conditions in babies are due to faulty genes.

There are diffenent types of congenital heart disease but there are five problems that are found frequently such as Ventricular septal defect , Tetralogy of Fallot , Patent ductus Arteriosus ,Atrial Septal Defect and Pulmonary stenosis. Moreover there can be separated into two groups, Acyanotic and cyanotic.

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I have just finished meeting with the National Research Ethics Service(NRES)committee at the Hilton Hotel, Leicester in order to clarify my project if they need to know in the detail or further information regarding my design and methodology.It was not bad that I have ever thought because I was very nervous to explain how all things gonna happen and how to explain them all agree with my idea.

As a result, there are minor recommendations from the committees as following: 1) They want me to clarify which age group that I will focus on my project because there are a wide range of children. 2)How many pilot study in my project?(Only one in Thailand or I will do the same in England) 3)Why I want to focus on children? 4)If there are two nurses practicing on the children in the same time and same case and only one nurse volunteer to be my participant,what should I do if I want to observe my participant. 5)How many shifts that I want to observe for one participant? 6)They recommend I should provide information regarding the level of poor practice if I see,and how I will intervene of give feed back to participants or to nurse manager base on anonymity. In addition, I should put those information in the participant information sheet(PIS) as well. 7) What do I plan to transfer the data ? or I don’t transfer data from here to Thailand. 8)If there are lots of volunteers, how do I manage my participants?

If researcher want to collect data in vulnerable people in the UK, they must obtain ethical approval from the NRES and research and development(R&D)from the local site conducted data. Therefore obtaining ethical approval is significant for the all research associated with vulnerable group and human tissue.

Before submission, researcher should go to the NRES website and fill application form. Then ring to NRES in order to book the date for application consideration.They will send email to inform you regarding which date, which place and where the committee meeting. After getting the date researcher should lock the electronic application and prepare all document relevant to the study. Finally you have to submit in four working day after getting information from the NRES co-coordinator.

Document including

1) Cover letter

2)NRES REC application form(A&B) (Mandatory)

3)Site-specific information form(for SSA)

4)Research Protocol or project proposal 6 copies (Mandatory)

5)Summary CV of Chief investigator (Mandatory)

6)Summary CV of supervisor ( If it is a student research)

7)Participant Information Sheet(PIS)

8)Consent Form

9)Letter of invitation to participant ( optional)

10)Letter from sponsor ( the university )

11)Referee’s or other scientific critique report

12)Summary,synopsis or diagram(flowchart)of protocol in non-technical language

13)Interview schedule or topic guides for participants

14)Validate questionnaire(if applicable)

15)Non-validate questionnaire(if applicable)

16)Copies of advertisement material for research participants

17)GP/Consultant information sheet (if applicable)

18)Statement of indemnity arrangement

19)Letter from statistician (if applicable)

20)Letter from funder(if applicable)

How long for the result?

For the first feedback after meeting researcher should wait for 6-10 working days,and then they will resubmit again and wait for the final result for 60 days approximately.

More information

http://www.nres.npsa.nhs.uk/

Guidance

Ethnographic study is focused on the sociology of meaning through close field observation of socio-cultural phenomena by selecting informants who are known to have an overview of the activities of the community. Such informants are interviewed to identify other informants representative of the community, using snowball sampling to obtain a saturation of informants in all empirical areas of investigation. Informants are interviewed multiple times, using information from previous informants to elicit clarification and deeper responses upon re-interview.

more… http://www.sagepub.com/journalsProdDesc.nav?prodId=Journal200906 http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/ethno.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography http://www.intute.ac.uk/socialsciences/anthropology/ http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRU5.html http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/glossary/ethnography.htm http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1466-7657.2000.00052.x/full/

Learning how to be a good essay writing is not easy,and also learning how to be a good writer in research essay is quite more difficult.An essay is more than just putting facts from your research, it is an opportunity for you to voice your own opinion. A strong essay is one that uses facts to support an argument based on the writer’s analysis of the topic. Even though this is easier said then done.

I think and I hope that this website is gonna be useful for other people who are in the same situation as me.

Link… Writing a Research Paper http://probability.ca/mfulford/essay/ http://essayinfo.com/essays/research_essay.php http://www.historyguide.org/guide/guidelines.html http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/researchessay.html http://www.termpapergenie.com/ http://www.termpapergenie.com/Health.html http://www.infoplease.com/homework/t1termpaper1.html http://www.uq.edu.au/hprc/index.html?page=21502 other essays

In term of survey,Dencombe(2003) mention that “survey”mean to view comprehensively and in detail.It is short but it is quite clear for me to understand immediately.Even though I always use survey to be a part of my academic role,I sometimes feel confuse about what is exactly meaning and want is give advantages for us.Therefore,today I want to focus on survey and hope it will be useful for others as well.

According to the website “Surveys represent one of the most common types of quantitative, social science research. In survey research, the researcher selects a sample of respondents from a population and administers a standardized questionnaire to them. The questionnaire, or survey, can be a written document that is completed by the person being surveyed, an online questionnaire, a face-to-face interview, or a telephone interview. Using surveys, it is possible to collect data from large or small populations (sometimes referred to as the universe of a study).

Different types of surveys are actually composed of several research techniques, developed by a variety of disciplines. For instance, interview began as a tool primarily for psychologists and anthropologists, while sampling got its start in the field of agricultural economics (Angus and Katona, 1953, p. 15).

Survey research does not belong to any one field and it can be employed by almost any discipline. According to Angus and Katona, “It is this capacity for wide application and broad coverage which gives the survey technique its great usefulness…” (p. 16). ” (http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/survey/)

Type of surveys Postal questionnaires Face-to-face interviews Telephone interviews Internet (Electronic) Documents Observations

Refferences. http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/survey/ http://www.srl.uic.edu/srllink/srllink.htm http://www.srl.uic.edu/srllink/srllink.htm#Ethics

จากเวบข้างล่าง ได้กล่าวถึงตัวแปรไว้ว่าดังนี้”ตัวแปร (Variable) หมายถึง คุณลักษณะหรือคุณสมบัติของสิ่งต่าง ๆ ที่สามารถแปรค่าได้ เช่น น้ำหนัก ส่วนสูง อายุ เพศ ผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียน ระดับสติปัญญา เชื้อชาติ เป็นต้น

ในการวิจัยโดยทั่ว ๆ ไป มักจะแบ่งตัวแปรออกเป็น 2 ชนิดคือ 1. ตัวแปรต้น หรือตัวแปรอิสระ (Independent Variable) เป็นตัวแปรที่เป็นสาเหตุที่ก่อให้เกิดผล หรือก่อให้เกิดการแปรผันของปรากฏการณ์ เป็นตัวแปรที่ผู้วิจัยกำหนดหรือจัดกระทำได้ เพื่อศึกษาผลที่เกิดขึ้นจากตัวแปรนี้ 2. ตัวแปรตาม (Dependent Variable) เป็นตัวแปรที่เป็นผลมากจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงค่าของตัวแปรอิสระ เป็นตัวแปรที่ผู้วิจัยมุ่งวัดเพื่อเป็นข้อมูลสำหรับนำมาวิเคราะห ์เพื่อตอบคำถามของการวิจัยว่าเป็นผลมากจากสิ่งใด นอกจากนี้ยังมีตัวแปรอื่นที่ผู้วิจัยมิได้มุ่งศึกษาโดยตรง แต่เป็นตัวแปรที่อาจมีผลกระทบต่อตัวแปรตามได้ ตัวแปรนี้เรียกว่า ตัวแปรเกิน หรือตัวแปรแทรกซ้อน (extraneous Variable) หรือ ตัวแปรควบคุม (control Variable) ผู้วิจัยจะต้องทราบว่ามีตัวแปรใดบ้างที่อาจส่งผลกระทบต่อตัวแปรตามและหาวิธีการควบคุมอิทธิพลจากตัวแปรแทรกซ้อน เหล่านี้ จากการตรวจสอบเอกสาร

  ตัวแปรเกินอาจเกิดขึ้นจากแหล่งต่าง ๆ ดังนี้
 1. จากกลุ่มตัวอย่างหรือกลุ่มประชากร เป็นตัวแปรที่กลุ่มตัวอย่างมีมาก่อนจะมีการวิจัย เช่น อายุ เพศ ระดับสติปัญญา ความถนัด เชื้อชาติ บุคลิกภาพ สภาพครอบครัว เป็นต้น
 2. จากวิธีดำเนินการทดลอง และการทดสอบในการวิจัยเชิงทดลอง เช่น ความผิดพลาดในวิธีดำเนินการ คุณภาพเครื่องมือที่ใช้ทดสอบ เวลาที่ใช้ทดสอบ เป็นต้น
 3. จากแหล่งภายนอกหรือสิ่งแวดล้อม เช่นเสียงรบกวน สถานที่ไม่เหมาะสมและมีตัวแปรอีกประเภทหนึ่ง ที่อาจมีผลกระทบต่อตัวแปรตาม แต่เราไม่อาจรู้ได้ล่วงหน้าว่าจะเกิดขึ้นหรือไม่ จึงไม่สามารถควบคุมได้ ตัวแปรเหล่านี้เรียกว่า ตัวแปรสอดแทรก (Intervening Variable) เช่น ภาวะสุขภาพ ความวิตกกังวล ความตื่นเต้น ความโกรธ"

Link http://wbc.msu.ac.th/wbc/edu/0504304/lesson4.htm http://school.obec.go.th/supbr3/r2.htm

Totally subjects that I enrol in semester one can be separated into two groups as following:

Compulsary course Module A that I must to finish in 3 months
1. REST7001 Literature Searching And Reference Management (Attended date Tuesday 7 November,10-16.00) 2. REST7101 Research student Induction Event (Attended date Monday 30 Oct,9.30-13.30) 3. REST7102 Planning and Managing Research (Attended date Monday 4 December,9.30-16.30) 4. REST7103 Intellectual Property Rights and Ethics (Attended date Wedsday 15 November,13-16.00) 5. REST7104 English Language for Academic Research Purpose (Lecture every Tuesday 2-4.00 PM untill March)

Module B that I need to finish in 10 months 6 REST 7002 Writing Skill ( Attended date Tuesday 5 December,14-17.00)

Alternative couse 7 REST 7504 Managing Data Using Word, (Attended date 10 Nov,9-16.30 ) 8 REST Managing Data UsingExcel (Attended date 6 Dec,9-16.30 ) 9 REST 7202 Effective Presentation Using PowerPoint (Attended date 19 Oct,9-16.30 )

Master Course 10 HEST 5001 Research Desigh in Health 30 credits (Lecture every WED 1-4.00 PM) 11 HEST 5016 Quanltitative and Qualitative Research 30 credits (Lecture and Lab every Fri 10.00AM-12.00 PM)

This week is a busy week again when I have to start studying certain programmes in master course which are very useful for PhD studying such as quantitative abd qualitative reasearch(HEST5016) and Research Designs in Health.(HEST 5001)It is really hard to obtain everyting in my class because all of my classmates are British.It seem like I am only one person comming from the other country.I rarely believe that but I need to overcome this issue,so I need more time to familiar with English language as English style.Consequently,I have to read a lot of books before class because I want to follow the teacher as well and I hope to disscus with my friend fluently.In addition ,I have to practice SPSS in computer lab.

Two master courses that I attend in this week can be also learn via internet like e-laerning in my college,but there are team leader to annouce any new information every week.It is the good one that I need to learn how to arrange e-learning successfully because if it can be encourage students better than in our style,it will be very useful for me to learn about it respectively.

Not only master programme that I want to attend,but did also attend in compulsary course in Mhil programme.This semester I enrol 9 subjects totally,so may be I gonna die soon from studying.

Link http://www.hls.dmu.ac.uk/ https://vle.dmu.ac.uk/index.htm